Ethical Issues In Contemporary American Police

Ethical Issues In Contemporary American Police Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide a modern overview of three major ethical issues pertaining to contemporary American policing and criminal justice. Corruption for personal gain is one of the most fundamental ethical violations in policing relates and relates to the misuse of authority for personal betterment. Truthfulness in court testimony, good faith, and constitutional compliance differ from traditional corruption because the underlying motive is to pursue what the police officer believes is a just outcome rather than personal gain. Racism and Racial Profiling refer to targeting individuals solely based upon their race. Major ethical issues in contemporary American policing and criminal justice Introduction Law enforcement and policing are areas where ethical values are crucial, by virtue of the powers and authorities that are granted to law enforcement officers. Police have the power to make arrests and to use force, including deadly force, to overcome resistance to arrests. They also enjoy considerable latitude and discretion in the exercise of their policing authority, such as in terms of who they choose to investigate and how they execute their responsibilities. Naturally, policing powers can be misused, such as for personal gain, and that problem was rampant in many police agencies in the early history of American policing; in many countries, bribes and graft continue to be ordinary means of negotiating for leniency with police authorities. American policing has evolved tremendously in the last century with respect to ethical values and the standards of conduct expected of police personnel. Nevertheless, ethical issues still arise, such as in connection with the veracity of police testimony at trial, constitutional compliance in the field, and with respect to racism in policing. Corruption for Personal Gain One of the most fundamental ethical violations in policing relates to the misuse of authority for personal aggrandizement. It was rampant in early American policing, largely because the entire process of appointment to the position of police officer in cities like New York and Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century depended on illicit payoffs to political officials and their proxies (Conlon, 2004). In the 1970s, the now-infamous case of New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer Frank Serpico sparked the establishment of the Knapp Commission to identify and put a stop to rampant corruption within the nations largest municipal police department. Those series of investigations revealed that the entire police department, from patrol officers all the way up through the highest ranks of police administration was corrupt. Instead of bribery, and extortion of criminal suspects being the rare exception to the rule, it was the police officer like Frank Serpico who refused to part icipate who was the exception. Moral integrity in that regard resulted in the honest police officer being ostracized by his fellow officers; in Serpicos case, it nearly proved deadly when other officers deliberately failed to provide adequate backup when he confronted an armed assailant (Conlon, 2004). Generally, empirical studies of police corruption distinguish the misuse of police authority for the overt, aggressive pursuit of illicit gains from the passive participation in corrupt practices on the part of individuals within an existing organizational culture in which such practices are condoned or considered unremarkable (Cloud, 1994). Police officers who engage in the former are considered meat-eaters; those who participate only in the latter form of corruption are considered grass-eaters (Delattre, 2006). The most important significance of that distinction is that when a police agency maintains an organizational culture in which corruption of any kind is treated as criminal deviance and punished accordingly, only officers who are inclined to be meat-eaters still engage in corrupt practices. Generally, those officers who would have been grass-eaters within a corrupt police culture do not initiate corruption spontaneously and would have only been susceptible to corruption in an environment where it was expected by their fellow officers and where refusing to participate would have undermined their peer-to-peer relationships (Delattre, 2006). Meanwhile, more discriminating hiring practices, better training, and increased supervision have all but eliminated overt police corruption in American policing (Schmalleger, 2009). Today, when police corruption occurs, it is typically in connection with isolated instances involving individual officers or units rather than entire police agencies, and it results in newspaper headlines and calls for immediate administrative action, including appropriate actions against supervisors and police administrators who failed to prevent, identify, and take immediate action against any type of police corruption on their watches (Schmalleger, 2009). Truthfulness in Court Testimony and Good Faith and Constitutional Compliance Another important issue in contemporary policing ethics relates to the conduct of police officers as witnesses in court proceedings. Unlike traditional police corruption that prevailed a century or more ago and that was dealt with more recently by the Knapp Commission in New York, this type of unethical conduct is fundamentally different because the underlying motive is to pursue what the police officer believes is a just outcome rather than personal gain. Specifically, police officers often face a difficult ethical dilemma in connection with testifying at criminal trials: namely, they know that the defendant is guilty but that the outcome of the trial may hinge on what they say on the stand (Raymond, 1998). If they testify with absolute truthfulness on the witness stand when being questioned by seasoned defense attorneys, defendants may be exonerated by juries if defense counsel can successfully introduce any basis for doubting the accuracy of the factual accounts provided by police officer testimony. As a result, even otherwise ethical police officers may be tempted to alter their testimony at trial in the interest of securing a conviction that they believe represents justice more than exoneration as a result of their completely truthful testimony (Raymond, 1998). This particular ethical problem is more complex than simply training police officers to testify truthfully on the witness stand. It includes the problem of training police officers not to misrepresent the facts in their initial incident reports in articulating their accounts of arrests and about how they characterize what they actually observed (Cloud, 1994). The unethical approach used by many officers in some police departments includes simply misrepresenting the truth in their written characterizations to justify police conduct, particularly in connection with justifications for searches and the use of force (Foley, 2000). To a great degree, police agencies control how truthfully their officers represent the factual circumstances detailed in their field reports and arrest reports. In that regard, the phrase articulation can be used to mean careful attention to detail or, alternatively, it can mean that officers make sure to include any details required to support their actions at trial, irrespective of whether or not those descriptions actually represent the truth of what happened on the street (Raymond, 1998). For a typical example, a patrol officer may know from practical experience that drug dealer frequently try to secret small amounts of drugs or weapons under the seats of their vehicles or in between the cushions. Generally, the 4th Amendment prohibitions of unwarranted search and seizure require either consent from the driver or probable cause to permit a police officer to search anywhere within a vehicle stopped for a traffic violation beyond what is plainly visible to the officer from his vantage point during the traffic stop (Zalman, 2008 137). Similarly, under Terry v. Ohio (1968) police officers may only conduct a cursory pat-down of the external clothing of subjects of their investigations and only for the purpose of ensuring their safety in connection with concealed weapons; they may not search through pockets for contraband of conduct other searches beyond the scope of the so-called Terry frisk (Schmalleger, 2008 p256). However, as a practical matter, compliance with both rul es depends substantially on the ethical commitment of the patrol officer, and of the commitment of his agency as reflected in his training and in the leadership of his supervisors. To get around the 4th Amendment limitations of vehicle searches, all the police officer has to do is record in his report that the driver made a furtive movement or that the officer observed him reaching beneath his seat as he pulled over for the officer (Raymond, 1998). He could also simply record that a portion of the baggie containing drugs was visible in between the seat cushions or that the handgrip of a pistol was visible protruding from underneath the passenger seat from the officers normal vantage point. From the perspective of the police officer, misrepresenting the literal truth in such cases may be less important than taking drugs and illegal handguns off the street (Raymond, 1998). Complying strictly with constitutional requirements is an ethical issue that reflects the commitment of the police agency, or, where doing so is routinely ignored, reflects the lack thereof. Consider the effect of police supervisors who caution their subordinates very specifically never to violate constitutionally legitimate police procedure for the sake of making an arrest as opposed to the effect of supervisors who preach only that whatever officers do in the field must be articulated properly in their reports to support prosecution. In practice, the first approach teaches officers that they may not impose their desire to interdict drugs and weapons and that they may not indulge even their strongest practical suspicions without constitutional authority to do so. Conversely, the second approach teaches officers not to wait until they get to court to lie; rather, the necessary lies to support their actions in the field must be properly articulated in their field reports so that they support their testimony at trial. Sometimes, police procedure evolves specifically to circumvent constitutional protections against unwarranted searches and seizures in ways that are not susceptible to easy challenges. When officers engage in those behaviors independently or spontaneously, they represent ethical violations only on the part of those officers. However, when those practices become part of police training, they represent ethical violations at the departmental level. Such was precisely the situation in connection with police practices in Missouri that prompted the 2004 ruling by the United States Supreme Court in Siebert v. Missouri that now prohibits one such particular strategy: namely, two-tiered interrogations intended to circumvent the Miranda protections against self-incrimination (Hoover, 2005). Generally, the standard police practice necessary to satisfy the landmark 1966 Supreme Court ruling in Miranda v. Arizona requires police to advise suspects of their 5th Amendment right to remain silent before any custodial questioning (Zalman, 2008). In Missouri, as in several other jurisdictions, police had adopted the practice of questioning criminal suspects extensively prior to arresting them, but in a context in which the suspects would not have reasonably believed that they could simply refuse to answer, such as when surrounded by uniformed police. Technically, the only penalty for questioning suspects outside of Miranda is the application of the exclusionary rule preventing the prosecution from using that evidence at trial (Zalman, 2008). Missouri police had adopted the specific strategy of first questioning suspects outside of Miranda, then advising them of their 5th Amendment rights, and subsequently re-interviewing them (Hoover, 2005). Since suspects typically do not understand the legal implications of Miranda compliance, they would repeat statements in subsequent questioning under Miranda that they knew they had already answered previously. Since those subsequent interviews occurred in full compliance with Miranda, the prosecutors would introduce those statements at trial (Hoover, 2005). In Siebert, the U.S. Supreme Court expressly prohibited such practices, precisely because they amounted to nothing more than deliberate attempts to do what Miranda had prohibited for (then) almost forty years. Police may not extract information from criminal defendants during custodial questioning, which does not necessarily require formal arrest under circumstances where an individual would is believe that he is free to terminat e the interaction with police or to refuse to respond (Hoover, 2005). By deliberately employing a two-tiered (i.e. pre-Miranda and post-Miranda) interrogation strategy, Missouri police had engaged in unethical conduct that eventually required judicial intervention at the highest level. Currently, similar practices in New York have resulted in widespread complaints in connection with routine practices employed by NYPD officers to make marijuana possession arrests (CCR, 2012; NYCLU, 2012). Typically, the officers initiate an investigatory detention to conduct an interview with subjects based on subjective suspicions that would not justify a search of the subject. They ask the subject to show them what is in his pocket and if he complies by producing a small quantity of marijuana, they arrest the individual for possession. The charges stemming from those arrests are eventually dismissed in criminal court on a case-by-case basis (CCR, 2012; NYCLU, 2012), but the specific matter of unethical police conduct has not yet been addressed by a higher court. Racism and Racial Profiling Prior to the American Civil Rights Era, racial and ethnic minorities were routinely subjected to police procedures that were manifestly unconstitutional and unethical (Crutchfield, Fernandes Martinez, 2010; Staples, 2011). During the 1950s and 1960s, the National Guard had to be deployed to protect black students enrolling in schools in states where local police would not and federal law enforcement authorities had to take over law enforcement and criminal investigation functions in Mississippi after local authorities with links to the Ku Klux Klan were complicit if not directly involved in the murder of four civil rights workers from New York (Schmalleger, 2009). In the modern post-Civil Rights era, racism is still a ripe area of ethical issues in American policing (Staples, 2011). Typically, racism arises in policing in connection with the racial profiling of drivers subject to traffic stops. Specifically, racial profiling occurs when police officers target drivers based on their apparent race or ethnicity for ordinary traffic enforcement stops (Schmalleger, 2009; Zalman, 2008). This type of ethical violation, like many others, can represent either the prejudices and biases of individual officers or the condoning of such practices at an organizational level. Conclusion Outright police corruption, particularly on the scale of whole police departments, was eliminated nearly completely in the last few decades of the 20th century after one especially high-profile egregious case within the largest police force in the country. However, more subtle ethical problems still emerge and require judicial intervention even in the modern era. Police sometimes manipulate their procedures in the field to take advantage of apparent loopholes in laws meant to protect citizens from excessive police intrusions. Likewise, racism also continues to present a background for unethical conduct among police officers inclined in that direction. In almost all types of contemporary ethical issues in American policing, the expectations and leadership messages coming from the employing agency is all that stands in between individual instances of unethical conduct and the spread of those unethical practices throughout the agency. References Center for Constitutional Rights. 2012, NYPDs Stop and Frisk Practice: Unfair and Unjust. Accessed 2 February 2013 from: http://ccrjustice.org/stopandfrisk Cloud M 1994 The dirty little secret. Emory Law Journal (43): 1311 1349 Conlon E. (2004) Blue Blood. New York: Riverhead. Crutchfield, RD, Fernandes, A, Martinez, J 2010, Racial and ethnic disparity and criminal justice: how much is too much? Journal of Criminal Law Criminology 100(3): 903-932 Delattre E. 2006 Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, DC: AEI Press. Foley M. 2000 Police Perjury: A Factorial Survey. U.S. Department of Justice, Accessed 1 February 2013 from: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181241.pdf Hoover L 2005 The supreme court brings an end to the end run around Miranda. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 74(6): 26-32 New York Civil Liberties Union 2012 Stop-and-Frisk Campaign: About the Issue. Accessed 2 February 2013 from: http://www.nyclu.org/issues/racial-justice/stop-and-frisk-practices Raymond M 1998 Police policing police: some doubts. St. Johns Law Review 72(3): 1255- 1264. Schmalleger F 2008 Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall. Staples R. White power, black crime, and racial politics 2011 Black Scholar 41(4): 31- 41. Zalman M 2008 Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

FIT ME IN Essay

4th Floor, Sunshine Plaza Building FTI Complex, Taguig City Presented to the Faculty of Department of Information Technology Education AMA Computer Learning Center College By: Norjie D. Ditucalan Sumille D. Gomez Chapter 1 Background Study Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. More advanced technology is now being introduced. One of the best examples is the computer based database. Now, with the advent of such modernization in health, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in health maintenance is also vast. Companies and business establishments use computer based system to provide information to their clients, employees, costumers, and especially to the management. In Fitness Gym, recording details are written down on record books. A record book is a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someonewith their personal information provided. It is also organized for use and maintained by an employee, or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The employee has to keep the room neat so that it is conductive the fitness activity. The gym employee is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the records in the said establishment. The proponent will propose a computerized recording system for the FEM GYM. The gym is still utilizing a manual system. The costumers and the employees still use a logbook in writing down the information and records of each client. This system is to provide facilities for users to enter information into the system  directly, instead of passing the information usually on paper. Objectives of the Study General Objective Generally, the proponent’s purpose in designing the system is to help the operation of FEM Fitness Gym with regards to their records. This system will be able to help the said establishment to find their records accurate and promptly. Also to change the manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized their costumers profile sheet. It introduces a new way of informing and updating the operation of FEM Gym. Specific Objectives 1. To provides an organize file inside the gym. 2. To make it easier for the employees and costumer to find their records. 3. To make it easier for the employees to input information for the new members Scope of the Study This system deals with searching of accurate information with regards to FEM Fitness Gym. Just by simply pointing and clicking the mouse on the search button and let the user display the information needed on the screen. The user can also check the time consumed by the costumer and input how much they have to pay. It also updates the membership status of each client. Significance of the study This study provides a great advantage to the employee and the owner. The system was designed to make filing information and sorting of records easier and more convenient. It is easy to manipulate and functional to the employee and the owner. Moreover the software was designed with the security code or password to secure all files and records from unauthorized users. Chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will discuss the theoretical framework that illustrates paradigm of existing system and the study of the system. This will be followed by a review of the related literature of the previous writings and research done by the distinguished authorities, which have significant impact on the  problem under investigation. This places the current study into the context of previous, related research. Such as, the literature review emphasizes the relatedness between the current study and the works of the other authors. FOREIGN STUDIES A record is any information –text, number, image, or voice kept for future reference. As a civil servant or even as a business man, you need to realise how vital an efficient records management system is to the smooth operation of an organisation. The main purpose of a records management system is to make sure records are available when needed so that the organization can operate efficiently. Such a system fulfils this purpose in several ways by: âž ¢ Using storage media âž ¢ Providing proper storage equipment and supplies âž ¢ Outlining procedures for filing âž ¢ Developing an efficient retrieval procedure âž ¢ Setting up a schedule for when records should be kept or discarded. An office cannot operate without records. Records are kept so that you and others in the office can refer to the information later or use it to complete another task. That is why many business and other organizations have records management system such a system will help you store and retrieve records efficiently and keep the file current. RECORD SYSTEMS: There are several systems we can keep our records. Some of them are as follows: âÅ"“ The Book File System : This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are enclosed from the left-hand side, face to cover, in chronological order and are numbered in the same fashion as the book. The first page is the oldest paper in the file. âÅ"“ The Split File System: This is the method of filing whereby all minutes are put on the left hand side of the file and separately numbered, while letters, both incoming and outgoing, are placed on the right hand side and numbered consecutively from the bottom to the top†¦ Excerpt from Record Management Facilities by AsogwaSylve, (2010). In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). LOCAL STUDIES In the old days, business was done using papers and flat registers. The organization of these registers was difficult and the storage of huge amounts of data was a real problem. Also, the process of preparing a report takes a lot of time. But when computers were introduced into the business  field, everything had changed. Databases were used to store huge amounts of data and organize them. Instead of spending many hours (or maybe days) preparing a report, a query consisting of a number of statements can perform the job in some seconds. Although databases were very useful, another problem has appeared. Companies and corporations spread over wide distances. A single company can have branches in all the governorates of a country and maybe with some branches outside that country. Data communicating and sharing was a problem. This problem was solved using computer networks which are the best way for data communicating. Nowadays, computer networks are essential for any business. Computer networks are used for file transfer, voice and video conferencing. For this reason, we have chosen our final project to discuss networks from different sides†¦ Excerpt from DESIGNING A BANK NETWORK (2010). In the past, history has it that the act of â€Å"RECORD KEEPING† were basically performed on tablets, stone, Animal skin and many other forms of record keeping were also designed .However, over the years, with the advent of modern technology, things have changed tremendously for better. Science and researches have come up with an efficient electronic machine called â€Å"computer† that can perform wonders in various capacity and of such is the record keeping. No single development within the past five decades has a greater impact on record keeping system, accounting and business management system than the advent of computer application (wikipedia). Computers are widely used in the field of engineering, medicine, education, automobile technology, agriculture, economic planning e.t.c. However, the most spectacular growth has been in the field of business organization. Similarly, tasks such as record keeping which requires repetition for various sets of data are ideally suited for computer system. Excerpt from the article of THE IMPACT OF COMPUTER APPLICTION ON RECORD KEEPINGBY AHMAD UMAR DEWA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The academic motivation underlying the above aims is to systematically explore whether a new conceptual coherence can be developed within the field of action oriented research such that the current ordering process could be  conceptually assimilated, further clarified, brought to sharper focus, usefully applicable. This standard type of framework shows the input we are proposing and the process that has to be done then the outcome of it. InputProcessOutput The conceptual framework shows that the existing process of the establishment in FEM Fitness Gym, Maharlika Road Branch, Taguig is a manual process wherein they find their records/files manually and they write the costumer’s information. In this process the gym operations consumes too much time and effort or wasting in finding their records while our proposed system process, help the gym to find their record promptly. Also change their manual system of their daily recording. It will lessen the time of the employee in searching the costumer’s record and computerized input of information. Definiton of Terms Record keeping Record keeping refers to the retention of records deemed important to a person, company or any other establishment. This goes hand in hand with records management, which is the creation, retention, filing, storage, to final disposition. Database A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. For example, modeling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. FILES This page describes the term file and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. FITNESS GYM A health club (also known as a fitness club, fitness center, and commonly referred to as a gym) is a place which houses exercise equipmentfor the purpose of physical exercise. VISUAL BASIC Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and  integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intends Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use.[1][2] Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The scripting language VBScript is a subset of Visual Basic. MY SQL also called â€Å"My Sequel† (as of July 2013) the world’s most widely usedopen-source relational database management system(RDBMS) that runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases, thoughSQLite probably has more total embedded deployments. It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius’s daughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language. CODES A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another – usually shortened orcovert- form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type. SEARCH BOX A search box or search field is a common GUI element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text boxwith the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for entries that contain one or more of the user’s keywords. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Descriptive Method It was argued that archival description is not simply an aid to discovery and retrieval3. Instead, it is integral to documenting knowledge about records and the circumstances in which they are made and kept – essential knowledge  for the records to exist as records and serve their principal use as evidence. In other words, the primary purpose of documentation or finding aids is not repository control or the facilitation of access but as an indispensable component in the making and keeping of records. In the paper world, it was possible to lose sight of this because archival methods based on the ‘life cycle’ separated the preparation of finding aids in time from other documentation activities. Archivists acquired custody of records no longer in current use and preserved them by physically segregating them into provenance-based fonds in an order reflecting their last practical use. This fixity of placement and arrangement was replicated in finding aids which did l ittle more than represent the physical organisation of the records in boxes and on shelves. In this last ‘archival’ phase of the life cycle, such finding aids contribute little to recordkeeping (merely duplicating physical placement, which has been the chief recordkeeping tool known to the archivist). Finding aids also give value-added knowledge of context, but even here archivists have allowed themselves to become ‘collection’ focused. Archivists have documented contextual knowledge only insofar as it related to the records they held, being the small quantity of records which have survived appraisal (or competition for deposit) and which happened to have been transferred to their custody. Context has been documented only insofar as it was necessary to describe records in custody. Contextual descriptions have become, therefore, merely adjuncts to and enhancements of the listings of records held – little more than additional descriptors to an item list – not documentation of a recordkeeping system. Not surprisingly, such finding aids c ame to be seen as being principally aids to discovery and retrieval. Their prospective users (those for whom they were written) were ‘researchers’ whose perceived information needs came to dominate archival descriptive practice. Traditional descriptive methods were used to portray an entity in which it was assumed all relevant features of structure were to be found physically embodied in the material being portrayed and to which necessary contextual knowledge could be attached as a descriptive enhancement rather than to show relationships with other descriptive entities (not necessarily records). This traditional descriptive model or ‘system’ informs much of the work which has so far gone into recent descriptive standards efforts. The International Council on Archives (ICA)  standards claim to be independent of both technological and methodological systems, though I have argued in Part 1 that they are dependent on, and limited by, the assumptions implicit in the traditional methods they largely reflect. Name: Position: Questionnaire 1.Do you encounter record problems? Like lost of record sheets? How? Why? 2.Are you willing to change your recording method from to computerized? Why? 3.What are the problems usually occurs? 4.Are you convinced that the manual recording reflect with the income of your business is accurate? 5.If you’re going to develop your recording process, what features would you like to add? 6.Are there any information sources of information which I should be aware? 7.How would your customers know their membership status? 8.How often do you check your membership status? Week Year Month Other 9.What is the current membership status of your customers? 10.We name this system as â€Å"Fit Me In†, Do you want it to be change? If yes, give any suggestions. Name: Position: Survey 1.How long you’ve been running this fitness gym? Months Year/s 2.Is it hard to keep recording/ attendance sheet of your customer? Yes No 3. Any changes you want to change to improve the process on your work? User-friendly Secured Easy to Update 4.Do you encountered lost of records? Yes No 5. Are you convinced with the manual transaction when it comes to security? Yes No Data Flow Diagram

Find Out Whos Talking About Top Five Feminist Persuasive Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried

Find Out Who's Talking About Top Five Feminist Persuasive Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried There's no need to prepare a speech using the topic people have learned about many times already. Not all folks are suicidal that manner. A whole lot of it simply is dependent on your nature and interests, as what you find easy and interesting, others might come across dull and too complicated. Many people wind up covering the identical tired topics they see in the media every day, just because they can't produce a better idea. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. You want to supply an impressive description of the topic revealed, thus select the one of which you may supply an outstanding visualization as a way to persuade an audience. A number of the world's best leaders were able to come to power due to their rhetorical abilities and abilities to influence people using nothing but words. Everyone on earth should speak English. It's best in the event you choose a topic in which you get a genuine interest in since you'll be doing tons of research on it and if it's something which you take pleasure in the procedure will be significantly easier and more enjoyable. Each time that you want to make sure your persuasive speech success, you ought to go far past the topic and words you have prepared. There are several factors you should concentrate on when choosing a persuasive speech topic. Needless to say, giving a wonderful persuasive speech requires more than simply selecting a very good topic. Finishing a fantastic persuasive speech takes time and energy. It's great to spell out the topic utilizing various emotional concepts because it allows persuading the audience better. Bear in mind that you're attempting to make your audience except a completely new vision of the issue. The audience will be happy to hear about the problems that exist within their neighborhood society. Making your audience feel comfortable is the secret to giving a thriving speech. You have to know of what you're encouraging your audience to do, thus opt for the topic that meets your craved benefits. If you're unable to think of an intriguing topic, your readers may not be tempted to listen to you till the very end. Needless to say, it's the topics you may have a small laugh about! Prostitution ought to be legalized. A few of the topics also fall into other categories and we've posed the topics as questions in order that they are easily adapted into statements to fit your own viewpoint. You're able to look through the new neighborhood news to pick the familiar topic. Normally, having three key arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. It is crucial to establish the advantages and disadvantages of the subject and choose which side will gain from your advocacy. Your chief ideas should flow naturally and adhere to the topic. There are positive and negative men and women. Topics that you're acquainted with will make it simpler to get ready for the speech. Thus, a speech should be organized. You've been requested to provide a persuasive speech. If you still don't understand how to prepare an intriguing speech, EssayShark can assist you. School should occur in the evenings. Students should continue to keep their mobile in silence in order to not disturb the class. They should be allowed to pray in school. They have to complete a lot of writing assignments during college years.

Find Out Whos Talking About Top Five Feminist Persuasive Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried

Find Out Who's Talking About Top Five Feminist Persuasive Essay Topics and Why You Should Be Worried There's no need to prepare a speech using the topic people have learned about many times already. Not all folks are suicidal that manner. A whole lot of it simply is dependent on your nature and interests, as what you find easy and interesting, others might come across dull and too complicated. Many people wind up covering the identical tired topics they see in the media every day, just because they can't produce a better idea. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. You want to supply an impressive description of the topic revealed, thus select the one of which you may supply an outstanding visualization as a way to persuade an audience. A number of the world's best leaders were able to come to power due to their rhetorical abilities and abilities to influence people using nothing but words. Everyone on earth should speak English. It's best in the event you choose a topic in which you get a genuine interest in since you'll be doing tons of research on it and if it's something which you take pleasure in the procedure will be significantly easier and more enjoyable. Each time that you want to make sure your persuasive speech success, you ought to go far past the topic and words you have prepared. There are several factors you should concentrate on when choosing a persuasive speech topic. Needless to say, giving a wonderful persuasive speech requires more than simply selecting a very good topic. Finishing a fantastic persuasive speech takes time and energy. It's great to spell out the topic utilizing various emotional concepts because it allows persuading the audience better. Bear in mind that you're attempting to make your audience except a completely new vision of the issue. The audience will be happy to hear about the problems that exist within their neighborhood society. Making your audience feel comfortable is the secret to giving a thriving speech. You have to know of what you're encouraging your audience to do, thus opt for the topic that meets your craved benefits. If you're unable to think of an intriguing topic, your readers may not be tempted to listen to you till the very end. Needless to say, it's the topics you may have a small laugh about! Prostitution ought to be legalized. A few of the topics also fall into other categories and we've posed the topics as questions in order that they are easily adapted into statements to fit your own viewpoint. You're able to look through the new neighborhood news to pick the familiar topic. Normally, having three key arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. It is crucial to establish the advantages and disadvantages of the subject and choose which side will gain from your advocacy. Your chief ideas should flow naturally and adhere to the topic. There are positive and negative men and women. Topics that you're acquainted with will make it simpler to get ready for the speech. Thus, a speech should be organized. You've been requested to provide a persuasive speech. If you still don't understand how to prepare an intriguing speech, EssayShark can assist you. School should occur in the evenings. Students should continue to keep their mobile in silence in order to not disturb the class. They should be allowed to pray in school. They have to complete a lot of writing assignments during college years.

Who Were the Sons of Liberty

From the 1957 Disney movie, Johnny Tremain to the 2015 Broadway hit Hamilton, â€Å"The Sons of Liberty† has been depicted as a group of early American patriots who rallied their colonial countrymen to fight for the freedom of the colonies from the oppressive rule of the English Crown. In Hamilton, the character Hercules Mulligan sings, â€Å"I am runnin with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin it.† But stage and screen aside, were the Sons of Liberty real and were they really bent on revolution? It was About Taxes, Not Revolution In reality, The Sons of Liberty was a secret group of politically dissident colonists formed in the Thirteen American Colonies during the early days of the American Revolution dedicated to fighting against taxes imposed on them by the British government. From the group’s own constitution signed in early 1766, it is clear that the Sons of Liberty had no intention of starting a revolution. â€Å"That we have the highest esteem of his most sacred Majesty, King George the Third, the Sovereign Protector of our Rights, and the succession by Law established, and will bear true Allegiance to him and his Royal house forever,† states the document. While the group’s action helped fan the flames of revolution, The Sons of Liberty demanded only that the colonists be treated fairly by the British government. The group is best known for leading the colonists’ opposition to the British Stamp Act of 1765, and for its still often-quoted rallying cry of, â€Å"No Taxation without Representation.†Ã‚   While the Sons of Liberty officially disbanded after the repeal of the Stamp Act, later separatist groups used the name to anonymously summon followers to gather at the â€Å"Liberty Tree,† a famed elm tree in Boston believed to have been the site of the first acts of rebellion against the British government. What was the Stamp Act? In 1765, the American colonies were protected by more than 10,000 British soldiers. As the expenses involved in quartering and equipping these soldiers living in the colonies continued to grow, the British government decided that the American colonists should pay their share. Hoping to accomplish this, the British Parliament enacted a series of taxes aimed solely at the colonists. Many colonists vowed not to pay the taxes. Having no representative in Parliament, the colonists felt the taxes had been enacted without any form of their consent. This belief led to their demand for, â€Å"No Taxation without Representation.† By far the most hotly-opposed of these British taxes, the Stamp Act of 1765 required that many printed materials produced in the American colonies be printed only on paper made in London and bearing an embossed British revenue stamp. The stamp was required on newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, playing cards, legal documents, and many other items printed in the colonies at the time. In addition, the stamps could be purchased only with valid British coins, rather than the more easily available colonial paper currency. The Stamp Act triggered a rapidly-growing torrent of opposition throughout the colonies. Some colonies passed legislation officially condemning it, while the public responded with demonstrations and occasional acts of vandalism. By the summer of 1765, the several scattered groups organizing demonstrations against the Stamp Act came together to form the Sons of Liberty. From the Loyal Nine to the Sons of Liberty While much of the history of Sons of Liberty remains clouded by the same secrecy in which it was born, the group was originally founded in Boston, Massachusetts during August 1765 by a group of nine Bostonians who referred to themselves as the â€Å"Loyal Nine.† It is believed that the original membership of the Loyal Nine consisted of: Benjamin Edes, the publisher of the Boston GazetteHenry Bass, a merchant, and cousin of Samuel AdamsJohn Avery Jr, a distillerThomas Chase, a distillerThomas Crafts, a painterStephen Cleverly, a brass craftsmanJohn Smith, a brass craftsmanJoseph Field, a ship’s captainGeorge Trott, a jewelerEither Henry Welles, a mariner, or Joseph Field, a ship’s master Since the group purposely left few records, it is not known exactly when the â€Å"Loyal Nine† became â€Å"The Sons of Liberty.† However, the term was first used by Irish politician Isaac Barre in February 1765 during a speech to the British Parliament. Supporting the American colonists in their opposition to the Stamp Act, Barre told Parliament: â€Å"[Were] they [the colonists] nourished by your indulgence? They grew by your neglect of them. As soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over them, in one department and another†¦ sent to spy out their liberty, to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon them; men whose behavior on many occasions has caused the blood of these sons of liberty to recoil within them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Stamp Act Riot What had been vocal opposition to the Stamp Act turned to violence in Boston on the morning of August 14, 1765, when protesters believed to be Sons of Liberty members attacked the home of local British stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. The rioters started by hanging a likeness of Oliver from the famed elm tree known as the â€Å"Liberty Tree.† Later in the day, the mob dragged Oliver’s effigy through the streets and destroyed the new building he had built to use as his stamp office. When Oliver refused to resign, the protestors beheaded his effigy in front of his fine and costly home before breaking out all of the windows, destroying the carriage house and stealing the wine from the wine cellar. Having clearly received the message, Oliver resigned the next day. However, Oliver’s resignation was not the end of the riot. On August 26, another group of protesters pillaged and virtually destroyed the stately Boston home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson – Oliver’s brother-in-law. Similar protests in other colonies forced more British officials to resign. At colonial seaports, incoming ships loaded with British stamps and paper were forced to return to London. By March 1765, the Loyal Nine had become known as the Sons of Liberty, with groups known to have formed in New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. In November, a committee had formed in New York to coordinate secret correspondence between the rapidly spreading Sons of Liberty groups. Repeal of the Stamp Act Between October 7 and 25, 1765, elected delegates from nine colonies convened the Stamp Act Congress in New York for the purpose of devising a unified protest against the Stamp Act. The delegates drafted a â€Å"Declaration of Rights and Grievances† affirming their belief that only the locally-elected colonial governments, rather than the British Crown, had the legal authority to tax the colonists. Over the coming months, boycotts of British imports by colonial merchants encouraged merchants in Britain to ask Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. During the boycotts, colonial women formed local chapters of the â€Å"Daughters of Liberty† to spin cloth to substitute for the blocked British imports. By November 1765, the combination of violent protests, boycotts, and resignations of British stamp distributors and colonial officials was making it increasingly difficult for the British Crown to implement the Stamp Act. Finally, in March 1766, after an impassioned appeal by Benjamin Franklin before the British House of Commons, Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act almost a year to the day after it had been enacted. Legacy of the Sons of Liberty In May 1766, after learning of the repeal of the Stamp Act, members of the Sons of Liberty gathered under the branches of the same â€Å"Liberty Tree† from which they had hanged Andrew Oliver’s effigy on August 14, 1765, to celebrate their victory. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the Sons of Liberty was revived by Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb. In a March 1784 rally in New York, the group called for the expulsion of any remaining British loyalists from the state. In an election held on December 1784, members of the new Sons of Liberty won enough seats in the New York legislature to pass a set of laws intended to punish the remaining loyalists. In violation of the Revolution-ending Treaty of Paris, the laws called for all property of the loyalists to be confiscated. Citing the authority of the treaty, Alexander Hamilton successfully defended the loyalists, paving the road to lasting peace, cooperation, and friendship between America and Britain.